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atoms in our bodies were created inside a star, under immense pressure and huge temperatures, which are difficult to understand for us.

"We are all stardust," the phrase is from Carl Sagan whom you know I admire . And only poetry but rather summarizes the result of centuries trying to understand how stars and the evolution of the universe. It all began in the nineteenth century when scientists began to wonder where he came the sun's energy . No chemical reaction or physical process known could provide the energy needed during the time it was there our planet.

When it was discovered nuclear fusion is the process which saw the immense amount of energy from hydrogen. And as all sources of energy, a waste generated in return. In fact, the calcium in our bones, the iron in hemoglobin, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in different tissues and cells that make up our bodies do not exist at the beginning of the universe. In the first five minutes after Bing Bang formed the first atoms, hydrogen, helium and small traces of deuterium and lithium (you can read more details La Bella Theory ) Only a fraction of the approximately 115 items known. Later came the first stars that initially had the same composition. Since then various processes of melting, called nucleosynthesis, have been generating more and more heavy atoms like calcium or iron from less massive elements. The problem is that successive fusion reactions contribute less energy each time.





Above iron, nuclear fusion does not produce energy but absorbs it. To get heavier elements are thought to be two main processes. On the one hand, a supernova, that is, the explosion of a star. The enormous energy released is channeled only in part, to the formation of heavier nuclei. Atoms like our rings gold and uranium from nuclear reactors fission. On the other the slow neutron absorption by some heavy atoms further increases its atomic number. It is a slow process that takes thousands of years and that complements the former.

The sum of both methods has provided us with gold rings, nuclear reactors and, above all, essential to life as copper, zinc and iodine. Ashes of stars need to give us life.

Category: Physics, Chemistry

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Stardust And went to war in the atmosphere

late nineteenth century bird droppings could be a strategic resource. And the nations were fighting for them. Three countries, Chile, Peru and Bolivia changed their stories to fight for the guano and saltpeter.

late nineteenth century was a time of great change. There was a second industrial revolution a great technological development, major improvements in health and medicine and, therefore, a significant increase in the population. Population had to be fed farming techniques are still very traditional.

guano, bird droppings basically, was a strategic element for its abundance of nitrogen and phosphorus that made him the best fertilizer for crops, well above the manure from other animals. The demand was so great that the United States created a law, Guano Islands Act , which allowed its citizens to take possession "temporary" any island anywhere in the world where there are deposits of guano. Luckily that was not populated asked not under the jurisdiction of other countries. About a hundred islands were occupied including such known as the Midway Islands .

The Pacific was the largest nature reserve, highlighting the coastal area and islands between Peru and Chile. In some areas the guano, which accumulated in layers up to 50 meters, was removed and shipped to farms around the globe. This wealth will inevitably create conflict. First Spain attempted to occupy the islands Chincha on the coast of Peru, which caused a declaration of war Peru, Chile and Bolivia . Years later, the disputes between Chile and Bolivia for the use of some areas of the Atacama Desert ended in a war that left landlocked Bolivia and Chile which occupy parts of Peru, an ally of Bolivia including the capital, Lima .

guano demand fell only to developing new technologies. In the early twentieth century, research Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch allowed the synthesis artificial ammonia that formed the basis of numerous nitrogen compounds. Among them, artificial fertilizers were not dependent on natural sources for manufacture.

The current high raw material oil as above were coal, guano and saltpeter. I would think that we have advanced a little and now choose to invest in new technologies to reduce their consumption and not for more weapons.

Category: Chemistry, History of Science

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Tides

Moon not only attracts the water. Gravity does not distinguish well as land, sea and air travel following the moon. Such We may not realize it but what does a fish at the bottom of the ocean tides?

Let's start by explaining the subject of the tides. If the Earth did not have satellite would be a more or less stable area, an earthquake here, a detachment there, but no major changes every few hours. The presence of the Moon, its gravity, it attracts whatever is on our planet change this situation. And as the force of gravity depends on the distance more strongly attracted to objects closer, those found in front of his face.

forces on variables from the Moon, (sometimes aided by the Sun) the surface is deformed by creating two bumps on the ends. The rigidity of the crust deformation limits but the ground can rise 30 to 50 centimeters .



do not see it because we have no references to perceive the change. The case of water is different. We have a reference since the lower ground displacement allows us to measure the rising tide. This rise depends on several factors. First the distance to the moon, which varies between 363,104 and 405,696 miles. Second orientation to the sun, which can add the effect and, last but not least, local geography that can enhance or diminish much height. In general, costs ocean tides are much higher than for smaller seas.



And the atmosphere? It also moves but here we have even less references. Like a fish in the background we study the surface problems. What we can do is to measure changes in pressure caused a wave. The effect is very small, just 100 microbars
, about 0.01 percent of the normal pressure on the surface. Compared the change in pressure at the bottom of the ocean can be from 0.1 or 0.2 percent. In both cases, the change is completely hidden from the variations caused by weather and only careful statistical analysis can discover. Even the thermal expansion caused by the sun at dawn, generates a pressure change 20 times more intense in the atmosphere

But although the results are different from the cause is the same. The moon draws us all and all alike. Sometimes as much as to dream of visiting.

Category: Physical