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batteries, fire and lots of energy

What is the disadvantage of a small power source, portable and powerful? Basically it's very powerful.

Our cars are moved by small controlled explosions. And they are controlled not eliminate the fact that there are explosions and must be limited in power and frequency to avoid damage. If any of the control mechanisms, such as refrigeration fails we may end up with a block of useless metal.

If an engine is based on controlled explosions could say that a battery is a kind of "fire" controlled. A fire is a chemical reaction between a fuel such as wood and an oxidizer is oxygen from air. In a battery also produces a chemical reaction between two or more chemicals but with two important differences.

• The first is that energy is released, at least partially as electricity and not just heat, pressure or light. Different types of batteries involve different chemical reactions can be reversible or lead acid battery in a car or irreversible in alkaline batteries. More power and reversibility are the two basic criteria that have caused a permanent search for new chemical reactions. But there is another equally or more important criterion.



• The second difference is that all products are contained in one container. So stability is an important criterion. Generally not a good idea to have intimately mixed chemicals that react with each other. An exception is the battery others may be solid rocket (as in the space shuttle) and any type of explosive. The comparisons may seem exaggerated but only because, in general, everything runs smoothly.

technical development has come to dominate most energetic chemical reactions but involve a greater risk in case of control. And the error is not an option. Not even enough to reduce the probability of failure to one in a million, because a portable sold four million a year in Spain some inevitably set fire. So, if you have a bug in a million touches you remove portable market, as Dell had to do a few months ago. The design and manufacture of the humble "ovens" without keeping a lot of work behind it and a lot of science.

Even a proper initial design does not guarantee a trouble-free. For example, a classic and reliable lead-acid battery may release hydrogen gas by an inadequate recharge. Build-up can cause a fire or explosion and spread containing sulfuric acid. Another example is the excessive heat which can speed up chemical reactions to control escaping and causing a real fire as they were laptops that we have previously cited.

As users constantly ask to increase the power and battery life which requires concentrate ever more power in less space. However, the laws of physics and chemistry we make clear limitations. Maybe touch happen to be thinking about fuel cells. At least enough to cut off the supply of oxygen or air to stop them.


Category: Chemistry

Strangely, it

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atoms in our bodies were created inside a star, under immense pressure and huge temperatures, which are difficult to understand for us.

"We are all stardust," the phrase is from Carl Sagan whom you know I admire . And only poetry but rather summarizes the result of centuries trying to understand how stars and the evolution of the universe. It all began in the nineteenth century when scientists began to wonder where he came the sun's energy . No chemical reaction or physical process known could provide the energy needed during the time it was there our planet.

When it was discovered nuclear fusion is the process which saw the immense amount of energy from hydrogen. And as all sources of energy, a waste generated in return. In fact, the calcium in our bones, the iron in hemoglobin, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in different tissues and cells that make up our bodies do not exist at the beginning of the universe. In the first five minutes after Bing Bang formed the first atoms, hydrogen, helium and small traces of deuterium and lithium (you can read more details La Bella Theory ) Only a fraction of the approximately 115 items known. Later came the first stars that initially had the same composition. Since then various processes of melting, called nucleosynthesis, have been generating more and more heavy atoms like calcium or iron from less massive elements. The problem is that successive fusion reactions contribute less energy each time.





Above iron, nuclear fusion does not produce energy but absorbs it. To get heavier elements are thought to be two main processes. On the one hand, a supernova, that is, the explosion of a star. The enormous energy released is channeled only in part, to the formation of heavier nuclei. Atoms like our rings gold and uranium from nuclear reactors fission. On the other the slow neutron absorption by some heavy atoms further increases its atomic number. It is a slow process that takes thousands of years and that complements the former.

The sum of both methods has provided us with gold rings, nuclear reactors and, above all, essential to life as copper, zinc and iodine. Ashes of stars need to give us life.

Category: Physics, Chemistry

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Stardust And went to war in the atmosphere

late nineteenth century bird droppings could be a strategic resource. And the nations were fighting for them. Three countries, Chile, Peru and Bolivia changed their stories to fight for the guano and saltpeter.

late nineteenth century was a time of great change. There was a second industrial revolution a great technological development, major improvements in health and medicine and, therefore, a significant increase in the population. Population had to be fed farming techniques are still very traditional.

guano, bird droppings basically, was a strategic element for its abundance of nitrogen and phosphorus that made him the best fertilizer for crops, well above the manure from other animals. The demand was so great that the United States created a law, Guano Islands Act , which allowed its citizens to take possession "temporary" any island anywhere in the world where there are deposits of guano. Luckily that was not populated asked not under the jurisdiction of other countries. About a hundred islands were occupied including such known as the Midway Islands .

The Pacific was the largest nature reserve, highlighting the coastal area and islands between Peru and Chile. In some areas the guano, which accumulated in layers up to 50 meters, was removed and shipped to farms around the globe. This wealth will inevitably create conflict. First Spain attempted to occupy the islands Chincha on the coast of Peru, which caused a declaration of war Peru, Chile and Bolivia . Years later, the disputes between Chile and Bolivia for the use of some areas of the Atacama Desert ended in a war that left landlocked Bolivia and Chile which occupy parts of Peru, an ally of Bolivia including the capital, Lima .

guano demand fell only to developing new technologies. In the early twentieth century, research Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch allowed the synthesis artificial ammonia that formed the basis of numerous nitrogen compounds. Among them, artificial fertilizers were not dependent on natural sources for manufacture.

The current high raw material oil as above were coal, guano and saltpeter. I would think that we have advanced a little and now choose to invest in new technologies to reduce their consumption and not for more weapons.

Category: Chemistry, History of Science